dApps, like traditional Web2 applications, face numerous security threats. Understanding these threats helps identify potential attackers and mitigate risks. Web3 attacks share common vectors with Web2 despite differing objectives. The figure below illustrates the differences in protection between Web2 and Web3 applications.
In general, Web3 applications can be divided into three parts, each requiring distinct protection measures:
Additionally, securely integrating and developing these components involves robust DevOps and cloud security policies.
Client-layer applications include web applications, mobile apps, extensions, and less common clients like chatbots and other services. Key security concerns include:
Check out this article: Manual for Static Analysis of Android Applications.
Client developers must also guard against XSS, Clickjacking, and open redirect attacks. Control the storage of private keys and mnemonic phrases and validate security using resources like the OWASP Testing Guide.
For further reading, see:
In the context of Web3 architecture, the API layer is an interface that facilitates communication between the decentralized application and blockchain networks, enabling seamless interaction with smart contracts and external services.
API layers generally have more mature security measures, as outlined in the OWASP API Security Top 10. However, decentralized applications need continuous review. Key considerations include:
Two significant cases highlight API vulnerabilities:
1/ Since 1:20 am (GMT+8), our team has been working round the clock to minimize the impact and resume trading operations, following a hacking incident that involved unauthorized access to our API Keys. https://t.co/t2cP9s69sZ
— Kronos Research đźź (@KronosResearch) November 19, 2023
For detailed information, see:
Cross-chain bridges, which enable asset transfers between different blockchains, are particularly vulnerable and have been a significant target for hackers. They account for over 50% of the total value lost in DeFi hacks. Common attacks include false deposit events, fake deposits, and validator takeovers.
Ensuring the security of cross-chain bridges requires thorough code reviews, continuous monitoring, and adopting best practices like penetration testing and bug bounty programs.
For a deep dive into cross-chain operability, see Cross-Chain Bridge Security
The security landscape of dApps is more complex than traditional Web2 applications, with potential issues arising at more levels, from client and API layers to blockchain nodes. Past hacks highlight the need for robust measures at every layer. By learning from these breaches and implementing best practices, the Web3 community can build more secure and resilient dApps, fostering greater trust and adoption.
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